The Seathwaite area is renowned for its graphite mines, which have been in operation since the 16th century until their final closure in 1891. The graphite found here is of exceptional quality, with its occurrence being unique in the UK. Remarkably, it is one of only two graphite vein deposits found in volcanic rocks worldwide. Locally, it was known as ‘wad’ or ‘black lead’. Initially, the graphite was used to mark the fleeces of sheep that grazed the Lake District hills. However, by the 17th century, it was discovered to be perfect for lining casting molds used in the production of cannonballs and musket balls, leading to a significant increase in its value. This resulted in the smuggling of illegal ‘Wad’ becoming a problem at the mines. Eventually, cheaper substitutes replaced high-quality wad in casting, but it found a new purpose in pencils. Today, little remains of these mines.

1860-1865 Keswick Black Lead Co.